GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) is a naturally occurring hormone produced in the gut, primarily by the intestinal L-cells, in response to food intake. It plays a critical role in regulating blood sugar, appetite, and digestion. In recent years, GLP-1 receptor agonists have become widely used in the management of type 2 diabetes and obesity due to their effectiveness in controlling glucose levels and promoting weight loss.
How GLP-1 Works
GLP-1 acts by binding to specific GLP-1 receptors found in the pancreas, brain, and other organs. Key physiological effects include:
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Enhancing insulin secretion when blood glucose is high.
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Reducing glucagon secretion, lowering excess sugar release from the liver.
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Slowing gastric emptying, which prolongs feelings of fullness.
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Acting on appetite centers in the brain to reduce food intake.
Medical Uses
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Type 2 Diabetes Management
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Improves blood sugar control without significant risk of hypoglycemia.
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Often used alongside metformin or other antidiabetic medications.
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Weight Management
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GLP-1 receptor agonists like semaglutide (Ozempic®, Wegovy®) and liraglutide (Saxenda®) are FDA-approved for weight loss in certain patients.
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Cardiovascular Health
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Some GLP-1 drugs have been shown to reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk.
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Common GLP-1 Medications
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Semaglutide – Ozempic®, Wegovy®, Rybelsus®
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Liraglutide – Victoza®, Saxenda®
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Dulaglutide – Trulicity®
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Exenatide – Byetta®, Bydureon®
Potential Benefits
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Better blood sugar control
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Significant weight loss potential
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Reduced appetite and cravings
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Lower risk of cardiovascular complications in some patients
Possible Side Effects
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Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
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Constipation
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Stomach discomfort or bloating
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Rare: pancreatitis, gallbladder issues
Key Takeaway
GLP-1 is both a natural hormone and a drug target revolutionizing the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. By regulating blood sugar, slowing digestion, and curbing appetite, GLP-1 receptor agonists offer a dual benefit for metabolic health and weight loss.




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